Instructor: David Cheeke
Concordia University
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Time: Sunday Morning, October 7, 2001
8:00 a.m.-12:00 noon
Abstract: The objective of this course is to provide a sound physical basis for understanding the propagation of acoustic waves in solids. The course is aimed at newcomers to the field with at least BSc level in Physics or Engineering and also to those with experience in practical ultrasonics but who lack a theoretical basis. The material is divided into four equally balanced parts. The first deals with the propagation of bulk waves in infinite media, the wave equation, and the relation of acoustic properties to the appropriate material parameters. This is followed by a detailed treatment of the solid-liquid interface, with emphasis on the partial reflection and transmission of acoustic waves. This leads into a discussion of surface acoustic (Rayleigh) waves in the third section. These concepts are extended in the final section to a consideration of guided waves (Lamb, Love, SH, etc.) in various multilayer structures. Where appropriate, applications of these modes will be discussed.
David Cheeke received the Bachelors and Masters degree in Engineering Physics from UBC, Vancouver, in 1959 and 1961, respectively, followed by the PhD in Low Temperature Physics from Nottingham University in 1965. He then joined the Low Temperature Laboratory, CNRS, Grenoble, also as a Professor of Physics at the University of Grenoble. In 1975, he moved to the Université de Sherbrooke, Canada, where he set up an ultrasonics laboratory, specialized in physical acoustics, acoustic microscopy, and acoustic sensors. In 1990, he joined the Physics Department at Concordia University, Montreal, where he is Head of an Ultrasonics Laboratory and was Chair of the Department 1992-2000. He has published over 120 papers on various aspects of ultrasonics. He is senior member of the IEEE, a member of the ASA, and an Associate Editor of the IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control.
Wave Technology and Systems
Instructor: Donald C. Malocha
University of Central Florida
Orlando, FL
Time: Sunday Morning, October 7, 2001
8:00 a.m.-12:00 noon
Abstract: The purpose of this course is to introduce surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology, as applied to communication systems, for the non-specialist or someone wishing to enter the field. The course will be divided into four sections. Section I. will introduce the basic fundamentals of SAW based on physical and phenomenological approaches. This will include SAW propagation, generation and basic materials aspects. Section II. will discuss the simple modeling approaches used to describe useful devices and to predict device performance. Discussions of transversal filter design and reflective devices will be included. Section III. will discuss manufacturing issues and important second order effects which are important in device designs, such as the triple transit echo, diffraction, beam steering, and others. Section IV. will show application examples of SAW devices in modern communication systems using the technology, such as radar, cellular radios, tagging, and others.
Donald C. Malocha earned his B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering/Computer Science and his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University of Illinois, Urbana in 1972, 1974 and 1977, respectively. He is currently a professor at the University of Central Florida (UCF) and holds a joint appointment with the School of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, and the Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering Dept. Previously, Don was a member of the Corporate Research Laboratories at Texas Instruments, Dallas, Manager of Advanced Product Development for Sawtek, Orlando, a visiting scholar at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich and the University of Linz, Austria, and a visiting member of the Technical Staff, Motorola, Phoenix. His UCF research group is currently working on surface and bulk acoustic wave technology, acoustic materials, and acoustoelectronic based systems. Don is a member of the UFFC Administrative Committee, an Associate Editor of the IEEE UFFC Transactions and is past president of the UFFC society (1996-1997). He was co-recipient of the Electronic Industries Association's David P. Larsen award in 1998 and the IEEE Millennium Medal in 2000. He is an IEEE Fellow and a member emeritus of the Electronic Industries Association.
Instructors: Amit Lal* and Richard M. White**
*University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
**University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
Time: Sunday Morning, October 7, 2001
8:00 a.m.-12:00 noon
Abstract: The goal of this course is to introduce the attendee to the fundamentals of micromachining and the way they affect the design and performance of ultrasonic sensors and actuators. The first part (~1.5 hours) of this course will cover established micromachining techniques, such as bulk micromachining and surface micromachining on silicon. It will also cover new techniques such as XeF2 etching and PDMS soft micromachining. The relevant acoustic and ultrasonic properties of materials used in MEMS will be discussed for predictable device design. In the remaining time, the following topics will be discussed with the help of case studies: (1) Electrostatic actuation of micromachined membranes: Nonlinearities and effective electromechanical coupling, (2) Comparison of PZT and thin-film piezoelectric actuation of silicon bulk and surface micromachined structures: silicon horn design, microphones, speakers, impact/spalling actuation of MEMS (3) Flexural plate waves and bulk waves in micromachined devices: the role of internal stresses and material properties on waves, (4) Acoustic streaming and scaling in microfluidic devices.
Amit Lal is an assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of Wisconsin - Madison. He received his Ph. D. in electrical engineering from the University of California, Berkeley in 1996, and the B.S. degree from the California Institute of Technology in 1990. Amit Lal is the leader of the SonicMEMS group at University of Wisconsin, which focuses on ultrasonics, micromachining, modeling of piezoelectric systems, and design and analysis of integrated circuits. He has published papers on ultrasonic sensors and actuators at conferences in ultrasonics and micromachining. He serves on the Technical Committee on Physical Acoustics in the IEEE Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control Society. He holds patents on micromachined acoustic sources/receivers, and silicon-based high-intensity ultrasonic actuators. He is also the recipient of the NSF CAREER award for research on applications of ultrasonic pulses to MEMS.
Richard M. White is a professor of electrical engineering and computer sciences at the University of California, Berkeley. He is also a founding co-director of the Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center, an NSF/Industry/University Cooperative Research Center. White received his university education at Harvard, completing the Ph.D. in applied physics. After five years at the General Electric Microwave Laboratory in Palo Alto, he joined the faculty of the University of California at Berkeley. There he has been primarily concerned with teaching and research in solid-state electronics, with particular emphasis in ultrasonic and sensors. White's publications and patented inventions concern sensors, ultrasonic phenomena and devices, thermoelastic effects and microwave electronics. He has co-authored three books: Electrical Engineering Uncovered, Prentice-Hall, 1997 (an introductory text); Acoustic Wave Sensors, Academic Press, 1997 (a reference book); and Solar Cells: From Basics to Advanced Systems, McGraw-Hill, 1984 (a reference and text). He is an IEEE Fellow, recipient of the IEEE Cledo Brunetti award and the Cady award, a Guggenheim fellowship, and the IEEE Society's Achievement Award for contributions to the field of utlrasonics in photoacoustics, surface acoustic wave devices, and sensors. In 1994 White was elected to the National Academy of Engineering and made a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and in 1996 he was made a Chancellor's Professor at Berkeley.
Instructors: John H. Cantrell and William T. Yost
NASA Langley Research Center
Hampton, VA
Time: Sunday Afternoon, October 7, 2001
1:00 p.m.-5:00 p.m.
Abstract: The objective of this course is to provide a basic understanding of the propagation of acoustic waves in nonlinear media. The course, intended for newcomers to the field, is equally balanced between analysis and experimental techniques. The analysis begins with a discussion of the nonlinear (non-Hookean) relationship between stress and strain and its connection with thermodynamics. The nonlinear wave equation for bulk propagation is derived and parameters of nonlinearity are defined and compared for both solids and fluids. The effects on the acoustic nonlinearity of point, line, and planar defects as well as various microstructures in solids are discussed in the context of using nonlinear acoustic methods as a materials characterization tool. The experimental part of the course emphasizes the historical approach to the measurement of the nonlinearity parameter in solids. The "gold standard" capacitive detector measurement system is presented and analyzed. This is followed by an introduction to the "reference sample" technique for measurements in non-ideal environments. A demonstration of this method is followed by a review of other commonly used techniques.
John H. Cantrell received the B.S. and Ph.D. from the University of Tennessee and the M.A. from Cambridge University, all in physics. He has more than 140 published papers and 31 patents and invention disclosures in the areas of nonlinear acoustics, ultrasonics, and electron-acoustic microscopy. His research focus has been on the nonlinear interaction of sound waves with material microstructures. He was a consulting physicist at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (1975-1977) before joining NASA Langley Research Center in 1977. He is currently a senior materials physicist in the Structures and Materials Division at Langley. He received an R&D100 Award in 1977, the NASA Langley H. J. E. Reid Award in 1986, the NASA Medal for Exceptional Scientific Achievement in 1988, the Federal Laboratory Consortium Award in 1990, and was three times selected as Langley Research Center Inventor of the Year (1993,1994, and 1998). He was awarded the Chinese Academy of Sciences First Prize in Natural Sciences in 2000. He has presented more than 50 invited lectures throughout the U.S., Europe, and Asia, including a Chinese Ministry of Education-sponsored series of university lectures in the Peoples Republic of China in 1992. In 1994 he received a Commending Resolution from the Virginia Legislative General Assembly citing his contributions to technology benefiting the citizens of Virginia. He was a Winston Churchill Foundation Overseas Fellow at Churchill College, Cambridge, (1988-89, 1993-94), Hugh L. Dryden Fellow of the National Space Club, Washington, DC, (1988-89), a Bye Fellow at Robinson College, Cambridge, in 1992, and NASA Langley F. L. Thompson Fellow (1992-93). Dr. Cantrell is a Fellow of the American Physical Society and the Acoustical Society of America, and is a Chartered Physicist and Fellow of the Institute of Physics (London).
William T. Yost earned the B.S. degree from Emory and Henry College in 1961, the MS degree (physics) and the Ph.D degree (physics), specializing in nonlinear acoustics, from the University of Tennessee in 1964 and 1972 respectively. In 1965 he was appointed to the faculty of Emory and Henry College. During his tenure he served as Professor of Physics and chair of both the Physics Department and the Division of Natural Sciences. Since joining NASA in 1984, he has worked on numerous projects in ultrasonics, where he has developed award winning techniques and instrumentation, including instrumentation for the measurement of phase velocity changes (parts in 10^8) for materials characterization. Other work includes medical applications of ultrasound, including analysis of burn depth in human skin, non-invasive measurement of intracranial pressure in humans, and noninvasive ultrasonics techniques to assess damage from decubitus ulcers. He developed absolute calibration techniques for measurement of output power from ultrasonic transducers in the MHz. range. In nonlinear acoustics he has developed measurement systems and instrumentation for laboratory use of capacitive detection of particle displacements including techniques to measure DC shifts associated with ultrasonic waves in solids. He has also developed a technique (patent pending) for field application of nonlinear acoustics measurements, which has been successfully applied to assessment of fatigue in turbine blades used in electrical power plants. His current research interests include the use of nonlinear acoustics to measure fatigue damage in aerospace materials. He has numerous publications, book chapters, and patents associated with work in these and other fields.
Instructor: Jørgen Arendt Jensen
Technical University of Denmark
Lyngby, Denmark
Time: Sunday Afternoon, October 7, 2001
1:00 p.m.-5:00 p.m.
Abstract: The objective of this course is to give an introduction to the function of modern ultrasound systems for blood velocity estimation, the so called Doppler systems. The content includes the underlying physics, the signal processing performed, and the factors influencing implementation of the blood velocity estimators. From at short description of ultrasound physics and flow physics, a simple model for the interaction of moving blood with ultrasound is deduced. The model is then used for explaining the function of pulsed wave ultrasound systems for displaying the velocity distribution (spectral systems) and its implementation. Then different methods for showing images of blood velocity in real time are described. Estimation of blood velocity based on both phase shift and time shift estimation are explained, and common methods for stationary echo canceling are described. Examples of clinical images and digital videos will be shown as well as examples of the latest research topics in flow imaging. The course is intended for ph.d. students and researchers interested in the signal processing involved in velocity and movement estimation in diagnostic ultrasound systems.
Jørgen Arendt Jensen earned his Master of Science in electrical engineering in 1985 and the Ph.D. degree in 1989, both from the Technical University of Denmark. He received the Dr.Techn. from the university in 1996. He has published a number of papers on signal processing and medical ultrasound and the book "Estimation of Blood Velocities Using Ultrasound", Cambridge University Press in 1996. He has been a visiting scientist at Duke University, Stanford University, and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He is currently full professor of Biomedical Signal Processing at the Technical University of Denmark at the Department of Information Technology and head of Center for Fast Ultrasound Imaging. He has given courses on blood velocity estimation at both Duke University and University of Illinois and teaches biomedical signal processing and medical ultrasound imaging at Technical University of Denmark.
Instructor: Dennis R. Pape
Milcom Technologies
Maitland, FL
Time: Sunday Afternoon, October 7, 2001
1:00 p.m.-5:00 p.m.
Abstract: This course concerns the interaction of sound and light and the practical devices and applications based on this phenomenon. The acousto-optic (AO) effect - the diffraction of a light beam by a periodic refractive index grating induced in a material by a traveling acoustic wave, is described from a geometrical (phase space) point-of-view. This viewpoint aids in the discussion of AO device design where selection of acousto-optic materials, interaction geometries, and transducer geometries based upon both the acoustical and optical properties of the AO material will be described. Examples of designs for AO devices used for optical modulation, deflection, and wavelength filtering will be given. A description of the fabrication process for these devices will also be presented. In addition to the control of optical beams, AO devices play a central role in optical signal processing where these devices are used to impart electrical information onto a light beam - thereby converting a time signal into a function of both space and time. Optical systems using AO devices that perform linear signal processing operations such as Fourier transformation, convolution, and correlation will be described and applications including RF spectrum analysis and radar signal processing will be discussed. Finally, we will consider recent developments in the use of AO devices for real-time optical filtering for wavelength division multiplexing optical telecommunication applications.
Dennis R. Pape, Ph.D is Director of Optics and Photonics at Milcom Technologies in Maitland, Florida. Prior to that he was founder and President of Photonic Systems Incorporated in Melbourne, Florida. His firm specialized in the development of optical information processing technology products for both commercial and government customers. Before founding PSI in 1987, Dr. Pape developed spatial light modulator technology as a Member of the Technical Staff at Texas Instruments from 1980 - 1984 and developed acousto-optic device and system technology as a Group Leader at Harris Corporation from 1984 - 1987. Dr. Pape received an A.B. degree in physics from Cornell University and his Ph.D. in physics from Duke University. He is the coeditor of a book, the author of 3 book chapters and some 50 publications, and the organizer of numerous national and international conferences in the field of optical information processing.
Instructor: Kai E. Thomenius
General Electric's Corporate R&D
Niskayuna, NY
Time: Sunday Evening, October 7, 2001
6:00 p.m.-10:00 p.m.
Abstract: The goal of this short course is to review analytical methods used in developing the design of a typical beamformer in use in diagnostic ultrasound today. Two specific methods, angular spectrum and spatial impulse response, will be discussed in some detail. The key points to be covered deal with methods of analysis of arrays and beamformers, the interaction of transmit and receive beams with clinically relevant targets, and how this interaction is used in image formation. The means by which these analytical methods contribute to a beamformer design and the trade-offs involved are reviewed. The techniques developed for such analysis will be applied to current topics involving beamformation such as elevation focusing, sparse arrays, harmonic imaging, and phase aberration correction. Heavy use of graphical techniques will be made to illustrate the concepts.
Kai E. Thomenius is the Manager for the Ultrasound Program at General Electric's Corporate R&D facility in Niskayuna, NY. Previously, he has worked at ATL Ultrasound, Inc. and Interspec Inc. as well as several other ultrasound companies. Dr. Thomenius' academic background is in electrical engineering with a minor in physiology; all of his degrees are from Rutgers University. His current interests are in beamformation, propagation of acoustic waves in inhomogeneous media, generation of harmonic energy during acoustic propagation, the potential of bioeffects due to those acoustic beams, and retrieval of additional diagnostic information from the echoes that arise from such beams.
Instructors: R. B. Thompson, L. W. Schmerr, Jr., and T. A. Gray
Iowa State University
Ames, IA
Time: Sunday Evening, October 7, 2001
6:00 p.m.-10:00 p.m.
Abstract: Ultrasonic nondestructive testing has undergone a fundamental transition over the last quarter century, passing from a time in which inspections were set up based on experience and empirical data to one in which physics-based models provide practical engineering guidance. The purpose of this short course will be to present the theory behind these advances and present a number of case studies illustrating how this capability is being applied in a practical setting. The first half of the course will consider theoretical foundations, starting with a discussion of the general framework that makes possible the quantitative modeling of an ultrasonic inspection, the electromechanical reciprocity relationship developed by Bert Auld. Computational models that are needed to implement this approach will then discussed. Included are models for the ultrasonic beam shape in the part under inspection as influenced by its geometry, models for the interaction of these beams with flaws, and models for the coupling between the transducers and the electrical system used to excite and detect the signals. The second half of the course will be concerned with case studies of various applications of the models. Included will be examples of assessing the detectability of inclusions in steel parts, establishing curvature corrections for the inspection of complex geometries, and assessing the probability of detection (POD) of various inspections. The cost and time savings that drives the use of models will be emphasized.
R. Bruce Thompson is the Director of the Center for Nondestructive Evaluation and a Distinguished Professor in the Department of Materials Science & Engineering and in the Department of Aerospace Engineering & Engineering Mechanics at Iowa State University. He received his B.A. in Physics from Rice University (1964), his M.S. in Physics from Stanford University (1965) and his Ph.D in Applied Physics from Stanford University (1971). From 1970 to 1980 he served as a member of the technical staff and Group Leader of Ultrasonic Applications at the Rockwell International Center before coming to Iowa State University. Thompson's research interests fall in the area of ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation. Specialties include the analysis and development of noncontact sensors, in particular electromagnetic acoustic transducers, modeling the effects of measurement geometry on ultrasonic inspection, using such models as tools is assessing the probability of detection of ultrasonic inspections, and studying the uses of ultrasound to characterize a variety of microstructural and material properties such as stress, texture, porosity, grain size, and anisotropy and partially contacting interfaces. Thompson is the author of 6 major invited review articles in the field of nondestructive evaluation, over 90 articles in archival journals and over 190 papers in edited conference proceedings. He has been awarded 23 U.S. patents and presently serves as the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation.
Lester W. Schmerr Jr. received a B.S. degree in Aeronautics and Astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1965 and a Ph.D. in Mechanics from the Illinois Institute of Technology in 1970. Since 1970 he has been at Iowa State University where he is currently Professor of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics and Associate Director of the Center for Nondestructive Evaluation. His research interests include Ultrasonics, Elastic Wave Propagation and Scattering, and Artificial Intelligence. He is the author of a book "Fundamentals of Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation - A Modeling Approach", which was published in 1998 by Plenum. He has organized and taught NDE courses at both the graduate and undergraduate levels and has participated in NDE research programs at the Air Force Materials Laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory, and General Dynamics, Fort Worth. In 1992 he received the ASNT Achievement Award for the publication of the paper "Inversion of eddy current data using neural networks." He is a member of ASNT, AIAA, ASME, INNS, and IEEE.
Timothy A. Gray is an Engineer in the Center for Nondestructive Evaluation at Iowa State University, a position he has held since 1981. Dr. Gray received his Ph.D. in Engineering Mechanics from Iowa State University (1981) and holds undergraduate (B.A., 1973, University of Wyoming) and graduate (M.S., 1977, Iowa State University) degrees in Mathematics. His major research and development interests are in the area of ultrasonics — primarily inspection system design, computer modeling of ultrasonic inspectability, and development of ultrasonic inspection and signal processing techniques. In the first of these area, Dr. Gray developed an ultrasonic inspection system for steel raw materials for Deere and Company. The main thrust in the computer modeling arena is the development of codes for simulating the probability of detecting flaws in components; this software has been integrated with computer-aided-design. He has also been instrumental in the development and implementation of inspection methods for defective solid state bonds, inverse scattering methods for flaws, and model-based deconvolution formalisms. Dr. Gray has co-authored over 40 technical publications in the area of ultrasonics.
Instructors: Reinhard Lerch and Manfred Kaltenbacher
University of Erlangen
Erlangen, Germany
Time: Sunday Evening, October 7, 2001
6:00 p.m.-10:00 p.m.
Abstract: The development of electromechanical transducers, such as piezoelectric ultrasound transducers, micromachined silicon sensors or, actuators based on electromagnetic transducing principles, e.g. electroacoustic magnetic transducers (EMATs), is a difficult task in general. Due to their high number of free parameters which have to be chosen right in order to come to an optimum design, precise computer simulations based on finite elements (FE) or boundary elements (BE) are often utilized within the design process. In the first part of that course, the theory of appropriate FE and BE schemes allowing the modeling of electromechanical coupled field problems as well as basic examples for piezoelectric, electrostatic and magnetomechanical transducers will be reviewed. The second part will focus on present real life applications. Therefore, the practical computer aided design of piezoelectric sensors and actuators, especially ultrasound antennas for imaging purposes, smart piezoelectric structures, micromachined capacitive sensors and actuators, micromachined capacitive ultrasound transducers (cMuts), micromechanical systems (MEMS) and, electromagnetic transducers like electrodynamic loudspeakers or EMATs will be demonstrated. The main goal of this course is to give a basic understanding of finite element transducer modeling as well as the know-how for its practical application to modern transducer design. A brief report on latest research regarding the determination of material parameters is also presented. Here, recent approaches based on a combination of measurements and simulations have led to significant enhancements. Finaly, practical examples will be performed on a PC, therewith demonstrating that with nowadays simulation software even complex simulation tasks can be performed within reasonable time on low-cost hardware.
Reinhard Lerch received his masters degree in 1977 and his Ph.D. degree in 1980 in Electrical Engineering from the Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany. From 1981 to 1991, he was employed at the Research Center of Siemens AG, where he introduced new computer tools supporting the design and development of piezoelectric transducers. Dr. Lerch is author or coauthor of more than 100 papers in the field of electromechanical sensors and actuators, acoustics and, signal processing. He received several scientific awards for his innovative work in the field of computer modeling of electromechanical transducers. From 1991 to 1999, he had a full professorship for Mechatronics at the University of Linz, Austria. Since September 1999 he is head of the Department of Sensor Technology at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg. His current research is directed towards establishing a computer aided design environment for electromechanical sensors and actuators, including all major transducing principles. Dr. Lerch is serving on Technical Program Committees of several Technical Conferences. He is a member of the IEEE, the German Society of Electrical Engineers (VDE), the German Acoustical Society (DEGA), as well as the Acoustical Society of America (ASA).
Manfred Kaltenbacher received his Dipl.-Ing. in Electrical Engineering from the Technical University of Graz, Austria in 1992 and his Ph.D. in Technical Science from the Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Austria in 1996. He is currently an Associate Professor at the Department of Sensor Technology at the Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen. Dr. Kaltenbacher is author and coauthor of more than 30 papers in the field of numerical simulation techniques for coupled field problems and the identification of material parameters. His research interests are Computer Aided Engineering of electromechanical sensors and actuators with special emphasis on numerical simulation techniques such as multigrid methods. Furthermore, he is working on numerical algorithms that enable a precise and automatic reconstruction of material parameters from relatively simple measurements. Dr. Kaltenbacher is a member of the IEEE Society, ÖVE Society and the International Compumag Society.