» Conferences IEEE International Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 50th Anniversary Joint Conference
Tutorial/Short Courses
the 2004
24-27 August, 2004,
Montréal, Canada
Monday, August 23, 2004
Short Courses and tutorials from Ultrasonics , Ferroelectrics and Frequency
Control are offered on Monday, August 23, 2004. Attendees are
requested to preregister for these courses. Registrants will receive
printed copies of the slide presentations for the courses they have chosen. On
site registrants will receive printed copies of the slide presentations
until supplies are exhausted.
There is one registration cost for the Short Courses; payment of the registration
fee entitles the registrant to attend any of the courses presented.
Abstract: The objective of this course is to provide a
sound physical basis for understanding the propagation of ultrasonic waves
in solids and liquids. The course is aimed at newcomers to the field with
at least a BSc level in physics or engineering and also to those with experience
in industrial ultrasonics but who lack a theoretical basis.
Part A: Staring with a review section on the wave equation
and its solution for unbounded media, the first section deals with longitudinal
and transverse wave propagation in bulk media and the relation of acoustic
properties to the appropriate materials parameters. The treatment is then
extended to the case of finite size transducers and diffraction effects.
The second part provides a detailed treatment of transmission and reflection
of ultrasonic waves between two media, formulated in terms of acoustic impedance.
Part B: Guided waves are introduced by a study of the
simplest and most important case, that of Surface Acoustic Waves (SAW) or
Rayleigh waves, propagating unattenuated on a free, ideal surface. These
concepts are extended in the second part to a consideration of guided waves
(Lamb, Love, SH, etc.) in various multilayer structures. Examples of practical
applications of these modes will also be provided.
Martin Viens received the B.Sc.A and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering
from Sherbrooke University, Canada, in 1987 and 1993, respectively. He
then joined the Industrial Materials Institute (IMI) of the National Research
Council of Canada (NRCC) as an associate research officer. In 1997,
he moved to Pratt & Whitney Canada where he successively worked as a
NDT specialist and then as a process development engineer. In 2003,
he joined the Mechanical Engineering Department at ÉTS as an associate
professor. His research activities are in the areas of industrial
process instrumentation and control. He is currently working on the
development of nondestructive methods to assess critical mechanical properties
of material. He has published more than 25 papers in ultrasonic sensing
and inspection.
David Cheeke is VP operations at Microbridge Technologies Inc. He received
the Bachelors and Masters degrees in Engineering Physics at UBC Vancouver
in 1959 and 1961 respectively, followed by the PhD degree in low temperature
physics from Nottinghan University in 1965. He then joined the Low Temperature
Laboratory, CNRS, Grenoble, France, also as a professor of physics at the
Université de Grenoble. In 1975 he moved to the Université de
Sherbrooke, Canada, where he set up an ultrasonics laboratory specialized
in physical acoustics at low temperatures, acoustic microscopy and acoustic
sensors. In 1990 he joined the Physics Department at Concordia University,
Montreal, where he set up an ultrasonics laboratory and was chair of the
department 1992-2000. He spun off Microbridge Technologies Inc. from
Concordia University with two colleagues and he has been full time at Microbridge since
June 2003. He has published over 120 papers on various aspects of ultrasonics.
David Cheeke is a senior member of the IEEE.
Abstract: This course will provide an introduction
to the design, fabrication, and testing of medical ultrasound transducers.
Part A: Starting from an overview of the basic types of phased-array
transducers (linear, convex, sector), we will discuss how the design for
a probe is derived from its target application and how equivalent-circuit,
finite-element, and acoustic field models can be used to optimize the design
and accurately predict performance.
Part B: A discussion of the structure of an ultrasound probe will
lead to a survey of the different types of materials used in probes and their
critical properties. Typical fabrication processes will be introduced
and common problems in probe manufacturing will be summarized. Methods
for evaluating completed transducers will be discussed. We will conclude
with some examples of newer probe technology, e.g. multi-row and 2D arrays
and cMUT transducers, and will discuss performance advantages and fabrication
difficulties which may be associated with each.
Douglas G. Wildes is a physicist with GE Global Research. He earned
an A.B. in physics and mathematics from Dartmouth College and a Ph.D. in
low-temperature physics from Cornell University, then joined GE in 1985. Since
1991, Dr. Wildes' research has focused on aperture design, fabrication processes,
and high-density interconnect technology for multi-row transducers for medical
ultrasound. The results of his work are reflected in GE's growing
line of Matrix Array probes, for which he has received several GE awards. Dr.
Wildes has 17 issued patents and 18 external publications. He is a
member of the American Physical Society and the IEEE.
L. Scott Smith is a physicist with GE Global Research. He earned
B.S. and Ph.D. degrees in physics from the University of Rochester and the
University of Pennsylvania respectively. Joining GE in 1976, he developed
phased array probes for medical ultrasound. More recently, he examined
novel probe materials and led projects on pediatric endoscopes and adaptive
acoustics. Dr. Smith has 32 issued patents and over 30 refereed publications. He
is a member of the American Physical Society and a Senior Member of the IEEE
where he serves as Vice Chair for Transducers and Transducer Materials on
the Ultrasonics Symposium's Technical Program Committee.
Title: Micromachined
Ultrasonic Sensors and Actuators
Instructors: Amit Lal,
Cornell University, Ithaca NY
Richard M. White
University of California, Berkeley
Part A: The goal of this part is to introduce the fundamentals of micromachining,
and the way they affect the design and performance of ultrasonic sensors
and actuators. We will cover established micromachining techniques, such
as bulk micromachining and surface micromachining on silicon. Material on
thin film deposition and foundries will be presented. The relevant acoustic
and ultrasonic properties of materials used in MEMS will be discussed for
predictable device design. Nonlinearities, material property gradients, and
internal stresses will be covered to describe their effect on design.
Part B: Case studies of sonic MEMS will be presented. These include (1)
electrostatic actuation of micromachined membranes, nonlinearities and effective
electromechanical coupling, (2) comparison of PZT and thin-film piezoelectric
actuation of silicon bulk and surface micromachined structures (silicon horn
design, microphones, speakers, flexural plate waves, FBARS), and (4) nonlinear
ultrasound in microfluidic devices.
Amit Lal is an assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering
at Cornell University. He received his Ph. D. in electrical engineering from
the University of California, Berkeley in 1996, and the B.S. degree from
the California Institute of Technology in 1990. Amit Lal is the leader of
the SonicMEMS group at Cornell University, which focuses on ultrasonics,
micromachining, modeling of piezoelectric systems, use of radioactive energy
sources in microsystems, and design and analysis of integrated circuits.
He has published papers on ultrasonic sensors and actuators at conferences
in ultrasonics and micromachining. He serves on the Technical Committee on
Physical Acoustics in the IEEE Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency
Control Society. He holds patents on micromachined acoustic sources/receivers,
and silicon-based high-intensity ultrasonic actuators. He is also the recipient
of the NSF CAREER award for research on applications of ultrasonic pulses
to MEMS.
Richard M. White: A professor of EECS and a founding co-director of the
Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center at the University of California at
Berkeley, Dick White has concentrated on ultrasonics and microsensors. He
has published on thermoelastic wave generation, SAW transduction, and flexural
plate-wave sensors. He has co-authored three books - a text for freshmen,
a book on solar cells, and the reference book "Acoustic Wave Sensors". White
is a member of the National Academy of Engineering, and has received awards
for his contributions to ultrasonics from the IEEE and the Ultrasonics and
Frequency Control societies of the UFFC. His present research interests
include ultrasonic airborne particulate monitoring and wireless passive proximity
metering of AC power use in dwellings.
Title: Finite
Element Modeling of Electromechanical Transducers
Instructors: Reinhard Lerch and Manfred Kaltenbacher,
University of Erlangen, Germany
Abstract: The development of electromechanical transducers,
such as piezoelectric ultrasound transducers, micromachined silicon sensors
or, actuators based on electromechanic transducing principles, e. g. electroacoustic
magnetic transducers (EMATs), is a difficult task in general. Due to their
high number of free parameters which have to be chosen right in order to
come to an optimum design, precise computer simulations based on finite elements
(FE) or boundary elements (BE) are often utilized within the design process.
The main goal of this course is to give a basic understanding of finite element
transducer modeling as well as the know-how for its practical application
to modern transducer design.
Part A:
The first part will concentrate on the physical modeling and numerical simulation
of single field problems (acoustics, electromagnetics, mechanics). We will
discuss the physical equations, the arising partial differential equation
and its numerical solution applying the FE-method. Examples, performed on
the computer, will provide practical knowledge for the preprocessing (geometric
modeling, defining the physical data), the computation (specification of
analysis data, excitation data, boundary conditions) and the postprocessing
(displaying of scalar and vector fields).
Part B:
In the second part we will concentrate on the modeling of the coupling terms
between the various physical fields and the numerical computation of these
multifield problems. We will consider the following coupling mechanisms:
mechanics-acoustics, electromagnetics-mechanics and electrostatics-mechanics
(including piezoelectricity). The computer demonstrations will focus on real
life applications: electroacoustic magnetic transducers (EMATs), capacitive
micromachined ultrasound transducers (CMUTs),
high intensity focused ultrasound transducers (HIFU), piezoelectric ultrasound
antennas, fast switching electromagnetic valves.
Reinhard Lerch received his master degree in 1977 and his Ph.D. degree in
1980 in Electrical Engineering from the Technical University of Darmstadt,
Germany. From 1981 to 1991, he was employed at the Research Center of Siemens
AG, where he introduced new computer tools supporting the design and development
of piezoelectric transducers. Dr. Lerch is author or coauthor of more than
100 papers in the field of electromechanical sensors and actuators, acoustics
and, signal processing. He received several scientific awards for his innovative
work in the field of computer modeling of electromechanical transducers.
From 1991 to 1999, he had a full professorship of Mechatronics at the University
of Linz, Austria. Since September 1999 he is head of the Department of Sensor
Technology at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg. His current research
is directed towards establishing a computer aided design environment for
electromechanical sensors and actuators, including all major transducing
principles. Dr. Lerch is serving on Technical Program Committees of several
Technical Conferences. He is a member of the IEEE, the German Society of
Electrical Engineers (VDE), the German Acoustical Society (DEGA), as well
as the Acoustical Society of America (ASA).
Manfred Kaltenbacher received his Dipl.-Ing. In Electrical Engineering from
the Technical University of Graz, Austria in 1992 and his Ph.D. in Technical
Science from the Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Austria in 1996. He
is currently an Associate Professor at the Department of Sensor Technology
at the Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg. Dr. Kaltenbacher
is author and coauthor of more than 30 papers in the field of numerical simulation
techniques for coupled field problems and the identification of material
parameters. His research interests are Computer Aided Engineering of electromechanical
sensors and actuators with special emphasis on numerical simulation techniques
such as multigrid methods. Furthermore, he is working on numerical algorithms
than enable a precise and automatic reconstruction of material parameters
from relatively simple measurements. Dr. Kaltenbacher is a member of the
IEEE Society, the German Society of Electrical Engineers (VDE), and the International
Compumag Society.
Abstract: Elasticity imaging is rapidly evolving into
a new diagnostic and treatment-aid tool. The primary purpose of this course
is to provide both a broad overview and comprehensive understanding of elasticity
imaging, and, as such, it is well suited for both newcomers and active researchers
in the field.
Part A: Starting with a brief historical introduction to elasticity imaging,
we begin with a discussion of both the equation of equilibrium and the wave
equation to lay a foundation for static (reconstructive) and dynamic (shear
wave) approaches in elasticity imaging, respectively. The theory of
elasticity is presented in the context of the mechanical properties of soft
tissues. Then, experimental aspects of elasticity imaging will be
discussed with emphasis on data capture and measurements of internal tissue
motion induced by either internal or surface applied forces. Motion
tracking algorithms will be introduced, and methods to increase and optimize
signal-to-noise ratio in strain imaging will be overviewed. Finally,
techniques to map elasticity and other mechanical properties of tissue will
be presented and discussed.
Part B: Following an overview of elasticity imaging, the ultrasound elasticity
imaging techniques and their applications in biomedical and clinical fields
will be presented. Advantages and limitations of each approach will
be discussed and contrasted with other elasticity imaging techniques such
as MRI elastography. The course will conclude with overview of several
experimental and commercial systems capable of ultrasound elasticity imaging,
and discussion of current and potential clinical applications of elasticity
imaging.
Stanislav Emelianov received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in physics and acoustics
in 1986 and 1989, respectively, from the Moscow State University, and the
Ph.D. degree in physics in 1993 from Moscow State University, and the Institute
of Mathematical Problems of Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia.
In 1989, he joined the Institute of Mathematical Problems of Biology, where
he was engaged in both mathematical modeling of soft tissue biomechanics
and experimental studies of noninvasive visualization of tissue mechanical
properties. Following his graduate work, he moved to the University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, as a post-Doctoral Fellow in the Bioengineering Program,
and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department. From 1996
to 2002, Dr. Emelianov was a Research Scientist at the Biomedical Ultrasonics
Laboratory at the University of Michigan. During his tenure at Michigan,
Dr. Emelianov was involved primarily in the theoretical and practical aspects
of elasticity imaging. Dr. Emelianov is currently an Assistant Professor
of Biomedical Engineering at the University of Texas, Austin. His
research interests are in the areas of medical imaging for therapeutics and
diagnostic applications, ultrasound microscopy, elasticity imaging, optoacoustical
imaging, acousto-mechanical imaging, and functional imaging.
Title: Ultrasonic
Characterization of Properties, Microstructure, and Processing of Metals
Instructor: André Moreau
Industrial Materials Institute,
National Research Council of Canada
75 Boul de Mortagne,
Boucherville, Quebec J4B 6Y4, Canada
Abstract: Ultrasonics may be used to measure average bulk
properties and microstructure using precise velocity and attenuation measurements
and appropriate physical models. This short course will review what may indeed
be measured using ultrasonics and the relevance of these measurements will
be discussed in the context of metallurgy. Examples will be taken from measurements
made in our laboratories and inline on industrial production lines using
laser-ultrasonic technologies. The following is a brief summary of the course's
content:
Microstructure measurements
Crystallographic
orientation distribution
Grain
size
Dislocations,
solid solution elements, and other properties
Physical and mechanical property measurements
Elasticity
Strength
Ductility
and formability
In-situ and inline applications to metals processing
Phase
transformations
Annealing
and recrystallization
Grain
growth
André Moreau received a B.Sc. in Physics from McGill University in
1985. In 1991, he was awarded a Ph.D. in condensed matter physics from Northwestern
University in Evanston, IL for the development of novel ultrasonic methods
to characterize the elastic properties of composition modulated thin films
and for the invention of an ultrasonic sensor based on electron tunneling.
He then joined the Industrial Materials Institute of the National Research
Council of Canada and is now a Senior Research Officer. His R&D activities
at NRC have been focused on the development and application of laser-ultrasonic
sensors to measure the microstructure (crystallographic texture, grain size,
dislocations, etc...) of metals as well as the evolution of this microstructure
due to processing (annealing, recrystallization, phase transformations).
Demonstrated applications on industrial production lines include inferring
the mechanical properties of low carbon steel sheets from microstructural
measurements and measuring the recrystallization of aluminum sheets after
continuous inline annealing. Dr. Moreau has co-authored more than 60 papers,
2 patents, and is co-editor of a book on Advanced sensors for metals processing.
Title: Ultrasonic
Piezoelectric Transducers and Probes for High Temperature Applications
Instructor: Cheng-Kuei Jen, Ph.D.
Industrial Materials Institute, National Research Council of Canada
75 Boul de Mortagne, Boucherville, Quebec J4B 6Y4, Canada
Abstract: Due to their simplicity, speed, affordable cost
and capability to probe the interior of opaque materials, the ultrasonic
techniques are often used to characterize materials such as polymer melts
and molten metals in the die, mold, barrel or crucibles during many industrial-manufacturing
processes. Such techniques at times require ultrasonic transducers (UTs),
which have high strength, large bandwidth, low MHz center operating frequency,
and operate at elevated temperatures and generate signals of high signal-to-noise-ratio.
In this course, the development of three different types of transducers or
probes, their advantages and shortcomings, and their applications to several
industrial processes of interest will be presented. The first type is so-called
buffer rod probes designated as BUFFER and the associated technique is a
classical one in which the room temperature UT is air or water-cooled with
room-temperature couplant attached to the UT end of the BUFFER and the probing
end contacts the melt. We will introduce the clad buffer rod technology in
which the waveguide contains a core and a thin cladding. The second type
is sol-gel sprayed thick piezoelectric film UTs designated as SG_HTUT, which
can be coated onto, curved surfaces. The third type is HTUTs made by the
bonding of crystals of high Curie temperature onto the substrate or buffer
rod and designated as BOND_HTUT. The following table summarizes the sensors
or probes used, the industrial material manufacturing processes monitored
and the material properties monitored. The required operation temperatures
at the UT and the probing end range from 200-500°C and 200-900°C,
respectively.
Sensor or Probe
Industrial Process
Points of Interest
BUFFER,
SG_HTUT,
BOND_HTUT
Polymer extrusion, compounding
and foam extrusion
Viscosity, melt degradation, extrusion
stability, filler composition and dispersion, polymer blend composition,
degree of melting and mixing, barrel and screw status, residence time
distribution, etc.
SG_HTUT
Polymer injection molding
and micro-molding
Flow front and speed, filling completion,
mold and part temperature, part detachment, solidification, microstructures,
etc.
BUFFER,
SG_HTUT
Metal die casting, injection
molding and extrusion
Melt quality, flow front and speed, filling
completion, die and part temperature, part detachment, solidification,
microstructures, etc.
BUFFER
SG_HTUT
Liquid Zn, Mg and Al processing
Sizing and counting of inclusions, relative
cleanliness, thickness and defects of the metal crucibles, etc.
Cheng-Kuei Jen obtained his M.Eng. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering
department from the McGill University, Montreal, Canada in 1977 and 1982,
respectively. Since 1982 he has been with Industrial Materials Institute,
National Research Council of Canada. At present, he is a Senior Research
Officer. He has been also an Adjunct Professor at McGill and Concordia University,
Montreal since 1983 and 2002, respectively. His R&D activities in the
recent years have been focused on the development of ultrasonic sensors,
techniques and systems for in-line monitoring of industrial materials processes,
nondestructive evaluation techniques and material characterization. The real-time
monitoring applications include polymer extrusion, polymer and power injection
molding, polymer micromolding, polymer micro-fluidic devices fabrication,
polymer micro blow molding, liquid aluminum (Al), magnesium (Mg) and zinc
processing including die casting, thixomolding and low pressure casting.
He has won "the future technology award" given by Maro Publication, Folcroft,
PA at the SPE ANTEC Conference, May 1999. His research has been reported
in Injection Molding Magazine, August 1998, in Plastics Technology Magazine
entitled "Can you hear the mixing", September 2003 and in Sensor Technology,
Frost & Sullivan, London, January 2004. Because the developed ultrasonic
sensors can be used in harsh situations such as high temperature, high pressure,
corrosive and erosive environments, his team further improves the system
performance and make efforts to use the monitored process information to
carry out process control and the integration of the ultrasonic system with
the manufacturing machine.
Dr. Jen was an associate editor for the IEEE Transaction on Ultrasonics,
Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control between 1994-2003. In the past twenty
years he has co-authored more than one hundred refereed journal papers
and ten U.S. patents in the field of ultrasound.
Abstract: There is a wonder-filled world that permeates
the technology of the everyday that we call ultrasonics. The field
of ultrasonics advances the theory, experimentation, and design and application
of components, devices, and systems related to the generation, transmission,
and detection of high frequency mechanical waves and their interaction with
matter. Work in this field encompasses research and development of
transducers and transducer materials, material characterization and processing,
medical ultrasound, non-destructive evaluation, industrial applications,
sensors, and signal processing devices. As an engineering discipline ultrasonics
seeks to develop components and systems, which promote our understanding
of the material world, diagnose and restore health to our bodies, ensure
our safety and security, and support the development of electronic systems
for communication and data processing. As we celebrate the golden
anniversary of our UFFC Society, let us reflect on 50 years of explosive
growth of ultrasonic technology, emphasize the present use of the technology,
and anticipate what may lie ahead.
Fred S. Hickernell received the B.A. degree in education, the M.S. and Ph.D.
degrees in physics from Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona. He
served as a weather officer in the USAF and in the theoretical group of Goodyear
Aerospace before joining Motorola. From 1960 to 1998 he was with Motorola
Inc. in Arizona working in the research and development of components and
devices for communication systems. He presently is an Adjunct Professor
in the Optical Sciences Center of the University of Arizona and Courtesy
Professor in the College of Engineering at the University of Central Florida. Dr.
Hickernell is a Life Fellow of the IEEE and most recently served as president
of the IEEE Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control (UFFC) Society
for the years 2000-2001. He is a Past-President of the American Scientific
Affiliation. Though now retired, he continues cooperative scientific
work with colleagues in the United States and Europe and is a community volunteer
in Phoenix.
Materials Research Institute and Materials Science and Engineering Department
Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802
Abstract: This tutorial will introduce the concepts and
terminology that underlie the field of ferroelectricity. Emphasis
will be placed on the manners in which a reorientable spontaneous polarization
can be developed, as well as the resulting domain states. The underlying
crystallography of a number of different ferroelectric materials, including
those that adopt the perovskite structure, the bismuth layer structure compounds,
LiNbO3, NaNO2, triglycine sulfate, the tungsten bronzes, and the manganites,
will be discussed. In addition, the functional properties of many
ferroelectrics, including the high dielectric constant, pyroelectricity,
and piezoelectricity will be detailed, with an emphasis placed on how the
properties are influenced by the measurement parameters. Finally,
the phenomenology that can be used to describe ferroelectric phase transitions
will be introduced.
Susan Trolier-McKinstry is the Corning Faculty Fellow of Ceramic Science
and Engineering and Director of the W. M. Keck Smart Materials Integration
Laboratory at the Pennsylvania State University. Her main research
interests include electroceramic thin films for actuator and dielectric applications,
the development of texture in bulk ceramic piezoelectrics, and spectroscopic
ellipsometry. All of her degrees were obtained at Penn State University
in Ceramic Science. She has held visiting appointments at Hitachi
Central Research Laboratory, The Army Research Laboratory, and the Ecole
Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne. She is a member of the American
Ceramic Society, the Materials Research Society, and IEEE. She is past- President
of Keramos and the Ceramics Education Council, and is co-chair of the committee
revising the IEEE Standard on Ferroelectricity. She is vice-president
for ferroelectrics of the IEEE UFFC. She is the recipient of the Robert Coble
Award of the American Ceramic Society, the Wilson Award for Outstanding Teaching
in the College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, the Materials Research Laboratory
Outstanding Faculty Award, and an NSF CAREER grant.
Title: Overview
of Ferroelectric Thin Film Devices and Materials
Instructor: Bruce A. Tuttle
Sandia National Laboratories
Abstract : Integrated ferroelectric thin films are the
basis for many commercial devices including nonvolatile semiconductor memories,
pyroelectric detectors, piezoelectric microvalves, embedded RF and decoupling
capacitors. Two different aspects of ferroelectric thin films
technology: integrated device applications and materials issues will be presented.
In this presentation, nonvolatile memory applications are emphasized for
two different ferroelectric thin film families: Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 (PZT)
and SrBi2Ta2O9 (SBT). While PZT based films require oxide electrodes
for optimal fatigue performance, SBT films can be fabricated directly on
Pt with limited fatigue. It is shown that PZT // LSCO capacitors can
be fabricated with limited fatigue and exceptional imprint behavior at process
temperatures below 550°C. In addition, the latest developments
concerning MOCVD of (Ba,Sr)TiO3 materials for DRAM applications and MOCVD
of PZT based thin films for embedded memories will be presented. The
status of photonic band gap lattice devices, piezoelectric MEMS and frequency
tunable devices will be reviewed.
Because microstructure often dictates ferroelectric performance and the
ability to integrate ferroelectric films with CMOS technology, phase evolution
and microstructural development for both PZT and SBT thin films is described. In
addition, techniques for the fabrication of ferroelectric thin films, including
sol-gel deposition, metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, and
sputter deposition are briefly reviewed. The advantages and
drawbacks of each fabrication technique for various device technologies are
discussed. While there are many similarities in the electrical characteristics
of ferroelectric thin films and bulk ferroelectrics, substantial differences
in process temperatures, switching times and breakdown fields make ferroelectric
thin films compatible with integrated circuit technology. The
underlying substrate technology has a substantial effect on thin film microstructures,
90° domain orientation and electrical properties. For PZT films,
transformation strain is shown to be a dominant factor in the genesis of
90° domain assemblages and these 90o domains in turn control electrical
properties. The electrical behavior is compared and contrasted
with that of bulk ferroelectrics and single crystals. From this presentation,
the audience should obtain a basic understanding of the following entities
that affect the development of integrated ferroelectric thin film
devices: film fabrication, substrate technology, and process integration.
Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed
Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy under contract
DE-ACO4-94AL8500.
Title: Structure-Property
Relationships For Dielectric Materials
Instructor: David A. Payne
Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
Urbana, IL, 61801
Abstract: The tutorial reviews the structure-property relationships
for dielectric materials with emphasis on single crystals and textured microstructures.
Aspects of point group symmetry are introduced for consideration of the directionality
of properties. We start with Neumann's Principle, and progress from induced
and spontaneous polarizations to anisotropies in dielectric susceptibilities
and piezoelectric coefficients. Topics to be covered include, pyroelectricity,
ferroelectricity, and piezoelectricity; and interrelationships between thermal,
electrical and mechanical variables are considered in terms of thermodynamics
and measurement conditions.
The tutorial should be of interest to those interested in polarization phenomena,
dielectric capacitors, piezoelectric transducers, pyroelectric devices and
ferroelectric applications. Wherever possible, the content is designed for
non-specialists at the BS/MS level, and aspects of crystallographic transformations
and mathematical descriptions will be introduced whenever necessary.
Title: Atomistic
Computer Simulations of Ferroelectric and Related Materials
Instructor: Alastair Cormacki
Alfred University
Alfred, NY 14802
Abstract: In this tutorial, we will introduce the concepts
behind atomistic simulations of solids. For classical simulations,
the underlying physics is embodied in the Born model of the solids, supplemented
by methods of introducing polarizability. The Born model, and its
application, in computer simulations will be reviewed and discussed. Methods
for calculating perfect lattice properties, and the most widely adopted approach
to calculating point defect properties will be described. A survey of quantum
mechanical methods will also be provided, along with the disadvantages and
advantages of both methods. The methods will be illustrated with reference
to perovskite systems, where appropriate.
Alastair N. Cormack is the Van Derck Fréchette Professor of Ceramic
Science and Dean of the School of Engineering in the New York State College
of Ceramics at Alfred University. He holds an MA degree from the University
of Cambridge (UK) and MSc and PhD degrees from the University of Wales, Aberystwyth. He
is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, a Fellow of the American Ceramic
Society, a Fellow of the Society of Glass Technology and a Fellow of the
Mineralogical Society. He is a Visiting Professor in Chemistry of
University College London (UK) and of Wuhan University of Technology (China). He
is also the Regional Editor USA for the journal Solid State Ionics. He
has published over 100 papers in the field of atomistic computer simulations
of point defect behaviour in inorganic solids, particularly oxides, and on
molecular dynamics simulations of silicate glasses.
Title: Phase
Noise I: PM and AM Noise Measurement Techniques
Instructor: Eva Ferre-Pikal
University of Wyoming, USA
Abstract: Part I describes the fundamental concepts and
definitions used in both PM and AM noise metrology. Simple PM and AM noise
measurement systems are described and analyzed. The effects of frequency
translation and multiplication on the spectral purity are examined. Simple
noise models for oscillators, mixers, and amplifiers are discussed.
Eva S. Ferre-Pikal received her B.S. degree in electrical engineering from
the University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, in 1988. In 1989, she received her
M.S. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor. From 1988 to 1991 she worked for AT&T Bell Laboratories in Westminster,
CO. She received her Ph.D. degree from the University of Colorado at Boulder
in 1996. The main topic of her thesis was the up-conversion of low frequency
noise into phase and amplitude noise in BJT amplifiers.
From 1997 to 1998 she was a National Research Council Postdoctoral Research
Associate at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. In 1998
she joined the Electrical Engineering Department at the University of Wyoming
as an assistant professor. Her research interests are phase and amplitude
noise processes in oscillators and amplifiers, the generation and synthesis
of frequency stable signals, and the design and applications of low noise
devices.
Title: Phase
Noise II: PM and AM Noise Measurement Techniques
Instructor: Craig Nelson
NIST, USA
Abstract: Part II describes the practical aspects of phase
and amplitude noise measurements. Basic measurements as well as advanced
measurement techniques will be discussed. The use of PM and AM noise standards
and wide-band modulators for system calibration is discussed. Two channel
systems for AM and PM noise measurements that have noise floors approaching
-195 dBc/Hz will be described.
Craig Nelson received his BSEE from the University of Colorado in Boulder
in 1990. After working in the optical disk market and co-founding SpectraDynamics,
he joined the staff at the Time and Frequency Division of the National Institute
of Standards and Technology. He has worked on synthesis and control electronics,
as well as software for both the NIST-7 and F1 primary frequency standards.
He is presently involved in research and development of ultra-stable synthesizers,
low phase noise electronics, and phase noise metrology. Current areas of
research include high-speed pulsed phase noise measurements and phase noise
metrology in the 100 GHz range. He has published over 20 papers and frequently
presents tutorials on the practical aspects of high-resolution phase noise
metrology.
Title: Phase
Noise III PM and AM Noise Measurement Techniques
Instructor: Enrico Rubiola
Université Henri Poincaré, France
Phone: +33(0)383.685164,
e-mail: rubiola@esstin.uhp-nancy.fr.
Abstract: The measurement of the phase noise of radiofrequency
and microwave devices is a relevant issue in time and frequency metrology
and in some fields of electronics, physics and optics. Special attention
is given to two-port components because they impact on oscillators, and because
their low noise is difficult to measure. While phase noise is the
main concern, amplitude noise is often of interest. The highest sensitivity
is achieved with the interferometric method, which consists of amplification
and synchronous detection of the noise sidebands after suppressing the carrier
by vector subtraction of an equal signal. The interferometer can also
be regarded as an AC bridge in which the fluctuation of the zero point is
amplified and detected.
A substantial progress has been made in understanding the flicker noise
mechanism and the noise reduction by correlation, which results in new schemes
that improve the sensitivity by 20-30 dB upon the previous interferometers. These
schemes also feature closed-loop carrier suppression control, simplified
calibration, high immunity to electromagnetic pollution, and low microphonicity.
At the state of the art, a 100 MHz noise measurement systems exhibits a
residual noise as low as dBrad^2/Hz at 1 Hz off the carrier, in favorable
conditions, and in real-time measurements. Exploiting correlation and averaging,
the sensitivity exceeds dBrad^2/Hz at 1 Hz. A residual noise of dBrad^2/Hz
at 250 Hz off the carrier has been obtained, Which is equivalent to a ratio
of with a frequency spacing of 2.5E-6. The noise floor is limited
by the averaging capability of the correlator, and ultimately by thermal
uniformity rather than by the absolute temperature. The above results
have been obtained in a relatively unclean electromagnetic environment, without
using a shielded chamber, and without controlling the room temperature.
Applications include the measurement of the properties of materials and
the observation of weak flicker-type physical phenomena. For demonstration
purposes, it has been measured the flicker noise of a by-step attenuator
(dB[rad^2]/Hz at 1 Hz), of a reactive power divider based on a ferrite
transformer (dB[rad^2]/Hz at 1 Hz), and of some microwave circulators
(-160 to -170 dB[rad^2]/Hz at 1 Hz, extrapolated from 10 Hz measurements). These
measurements, out of reach for other techniques, have been made without
need of correlation.
While ultimate sensitivity may be difficult to achieve for technical reasons,
methods are simple and easy to understand. The talk covers interferometric
method, calibration strategies, correlation techniques, low flicker
schemes, and examples. Upon request, also skill and dirty tricks.
Enrico Rubiola is professor of electronics at the Université Henri
Poincaré (ESSTIN and LPMA) Nancy, France, and guest researcher at
the Dept. LPMO of the FEMTO-ST Institute, Besançon. Prof. Rubiola
has worked on various topics of electronics and metrology, namely,
navigation systems, time and frequency comparisons, atomic frequency
standards, and gravity. His main fields of interest are precision
electronics and phase noise metrology, which include frequency synthesis,
high spectral purity oscillators, photonic systems, and noise. In
the domain of phase noise, he has developed a new generation
of instruments with ultimate sensitivity in both the white and
flicker regions of the Fourier spectrum.
US Army Communications-Electronics Research, Development & Engineering
Center
Abstract: The subject of quartz frequency standards will
be reviewed. Emphasis will be on those aspects that are of greatest
interest to users (as opposed to designers). The discussion will include:
· crystal
resonator and oscillator basics;
· the
characteristics and limitations of temperature compensated crystal oscillators
(TCXOs) and oven controlled crystal oscillators (OCXOs);
· oscillator
instabilities: aging; noise; and the effects on frequency stability
of: temperature, acceleration, radiation, warm-up, pressure, magnetic
field, and the oscillator circuitry;
· guidelines
for oscillator comparison, selection and specification.
A preview of this tutorial can be found in the Tutorials section at:
John R. Vig was born in Hungary in 1942. He immigrated to the United
States in 1957, received the B.S. degree in physics from the City College
of New York in 1964, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Rutgers - The State
University, New Brunswick, NJ in 1966 and 1969, respectively. Since
1969 he has been employed as a research scientist and program manager in
a US Army research laboratory, working primarily on the experimental aspects
of frequency control devices. He has published more than 100 papers
and book chapters, and has been awarded 54 patents.
John was President of the IEEE Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency
Control Society (UFFC-S) in 1998-99, and was also the founding President
of the IEEE Sensors Council. In 1988, John was elected a Fellow of
the IEEE "for contributions to the technology of quartz crystals for
precision frequency control and timing." He received the 1990 IEEE Cady
Award "for outstanding contributions to the development of improved
quartz crystals and processing techniques..." He was the UFFC-Society's
Distinguished Lecturer for 1992-93, served as the General Chairman from 1982
to 1988 of what is now the IEEE Frequency Control Symposium. He was
Chair of the Symposium Technical Program Committee in 2002; he has served
as a member of the Committee since 1972. He has also served on the
Technical Program Committee of the IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium since 1986. He
was twice elected to the IEEE UFFC-Society Administrative Committee, for
the 1986-89, and 1995-98 terms. He was awarded the UFFC-S' highest
award, the Achievement Award, in 2001. He served on the Board of Directors
of the IEEE in 2002-2003, and was elected to serve as the 2005 Vice-President
for IEEE Technical Activities.
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), USA
Abstract: This tutorial will provide an introduction to
the technology of time and frequency transfer. Users of time and frequency
range from the casual user who simply wants to set his/her watch to the nearest
minute to high precision navigation and telecommunication users where nanoseconds
are important. Consequently there are a wide range of services that are provided.
The first part of the tutorial will be a brief introduction to what time
and frequency references are available and to the statistical techniques
used to quantify time and frequency transfer instabilities and uncertainties.
Next, the range of transfer services will be surveyed. The techniques discussed
will include, Internet time services, telephone dial up services, earth based
radio broadcasts, one way time transfer using the Global Positioning System
(GPS), common-view GPS, carrier-phase GPS, and Two-Way Satellite Time and
Frequency Transfer (TWSTFT). The basic concepts of each technique will be
presented along with typical performance characteristics. The sources of
instability and error will be reviewed. Internet, telephone, and radio broadcasts
make up what can be considered low precision services where the best accuracy
that can be achieved may range from a second to tens of microseconds. The
GPS based services and TWSTFT can be considered high precision services where
accuracies ranging from hundreds of nanoseconds to nearly a nanosecond can
be achieved. Ultimately, the performance attained may depend strongly on
the quality of the users local clock.
Thomas E. Parker received his B.S. in Physics from Allegheny College in 1967.
He received his M.S. in 1969 and his Ph.D. in 1973, both in Physics, from Purdue
University. In August 1973, Dr. Parker joined the Professional Staff of the
Raytheon Research Division, Lexington, Massachusetts, USA. At Raytheon Dr.
Parker contributed to the development of high performance surface acoustic
wave (SAW) oscillator technology, including the "All Quartz Package" for
SAW devices. His primary interest was frequency stability, with an emphasis
on 1/f noise, vibration sensitivity, and long-term frequency stability. In
June of 1994 Dr. Parker joined the Time and Frequency Division of the National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Boulder, Colorado, USA. He
is the leader of the Atomic Frequency Standards Group and his interests include
primary frequency standards, time scales, and time/frequency transfer technology.
Dr. Parker is a Fellow of the IEEE.
Abstract: This tutorial will cover much of the
basic physics and electronics of passive atomic frequency standards. Particular
attention will be paid to the design aspects that affect the accuracy and
frequency stability of the standards and ways to optimize the performance.
The cesium atomic beam standard will be treated in the most detail.
Leonard S. Cutler received the PhD degree in theoretical physics from
Stanford University in 1966. He has been heavily involved in the theory
and design of atomic frequency standards and precision quartz oscillators
since 1957. His present position is Distinguished Contributor, Technical
Staff, Agilent Laboratories.
Title: Resonant
Piezo-devices as Physical and Biochemical Sensors
Instructors: Fabien Josse
Microsensor Research Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering,
Marquette University,
P.O.Box 1881,
Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881
Richard W. Cernosek
Micro-Analytical Systems Dept.,
Sandia National Laboratories,
P.O.Box 5800, MS 0892, Albuquerque, NM 87185-0892
Abstract: Acoustic wave devices based on piezoelectric
crystals and used for materials characterization and biochemical sensor
applications are covered. The various acoustic wave devices used for physical
and biochemical sensing applications are described. Two types of sensors
under development are presented in details. They are the thickness shear
mode (TSM) resonators and the guided shear horizontal surface acoustic
(guided SH-SAW) devices, also commonly known as Love wave devices. It is
noted that the two types of devices can be used for sensing in gas and/or
liquid phase. The effectiveness of the TSM resonator for polymer
material characterization is presented. The impedance-admittance characteristics
of the equivalent circuit models of both the unperturbed and coated resonators
are analyzed to extract the polymer storage modulus and loss modulus (G'
and G''). The design and performance of guided shear horizontal surface
acoustic wave (guided SH-SAW) devices being investigated and under development
for high sensitivity chemical and bio-chemical sensors in liquids are presented.
It is noted that despite their structural similarity to Rayleigh SAW, SH-SAWs
often propagate slightly deeper within the substrate, hence preventing
the implementation of high sensitivity detectors. The device sensitivity
to mass and viscoelastic loading can be increased using a thin dielectric
guiding layer on the device surface. Suitable design principles
for these sensor platforms are discussed with regard to wave guidance,
electrical passivation of the interdigital transducers (IDT) from the liquid
environments, acoustic loss, and sensor signal distortion. Results of chemical
sensing and biosensing experiments are presented.
Fabien Josse received the License (BS) in Maths and in Physics in 1976
and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University
of Maine, Orono in 1979 and 1982, respectively. He joined Marquette University,
Milwaukee, WI in 1982 and is currently Professor in the Dept. of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, and the Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, and
the Director of Graduate Studies. He is also an adjunct Professor in the
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Laboratory for
Surface Science and Technology (LASST), University of Maine; and has been
a visiting professor at the University of Heidelberg in Germany since 1990,
a visiting professor at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich,
Switzerland in 2003 and 2004. He has also been a visiting professor
at the Institute of Biotechnology of the University of Cambridge in the
UK, and at the University of Bordeaux I, France. He was a consultant/contractor
for Sandia National Labs in Albuquerque, New Mexico. His primary research
interest is in solid-state device sensors (bio-chemical sensors) for liquid-phase
detection. His current research also involves micro-cantilever for bio-chemical
sensing in liquids, optical waveguide sensors, sensor signal analysis and
pattern recognition for sensor arrays and systems. Prof. Josse is a senior
member of IEEE and Associate Editor of the IEEE Sensors Journal.
Richard W. Cernosek is Manager of the Micro-Analytical Systems Dept at
Sandia National Laboratories. He earned BS and MS degrees in Physics from
Texas A&M University-Commerce in 1975 and 1976, respectively, and a
PhD in Electrical Engineering from the University of New Mexico in 1993.
Dr. Cernosek joined the technical staff at Sandia National Laboratories
in 1977.
His technical work has covered the range from device and material R&D;
to system design, modeling, and fabrication; to prototype system field-testing;
to tech transfer for commercialization. Most of the last 20 years has been
spent developing sensor devices and systems for monitoring/detecting a
variety of physical, chemical, and biological quantities. In 2001, Dr.
Cernosek took a leave of absence from Sandia to join the Auburn University
faculty as Professor of Materials Engineering. He returned to Sandia in
May 2002 to manage the Micro-Analytical Systems Dept. This organization
consists of approximately 40 scientists, engineers, technicians, post-docs,
and students developing microfabricated biochemical analysis systems and
associated components based on Sandia's microtechnologies. Dr. Cernosek
is a senior member of the IEEE.
Title: Microelectromechanical
Systems (MEMS) for Frequency and Timing References
Instructor: Clark T.-C. Nguyen
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
3701 North Fairfax Drive
Arlington, Virginia 22203
Abstract: Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology
harnesses micro-scale miniaturization to affect the same scaling advantages
of faster speed, lower power consumption, lower cost, and smaller size,
enjoyed for decades by transistor electronics, but for devices with mechanical
operating principles. Devices based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)
technology have now found their way into numerous commercial applications,
from pressure sensors for blood pressure monitors, to accelerometers for
automobile air bag deployment, to mirror arrays for high resolution laptop
projectors. Recent advances in micromechanical vibrating resonator technology
that have yielded tiny on-chip devices that resonate at GHz frequencies
with Q's 10,000 now create new opportunities for precise, low-noise frequency
shaping and generation where massive numbers of high-Q resonators can be
used to attain unprecedented robustness, sensitivity, and power economy
for portable wireless devices. And as these devices make their way into
products, research efforts aimed at applying to MEMS technology towards
even better portable timing stability are presently underway. In
particular, work towards chip-scale atomic clocks has now achieved physics
packages in volumes less than 10 mm3, yet still with stabilities on the
order of 3x10-10 at 1s, and all this still very early in the DARPA program
fueling this research.
This course presents an overview of the mechanical devices and associated
technologies expected to play key roles in making available tiny, truly
portable frequency and timing references for future communications, GPS,
and sensing applications. It begins with reviews on the fabrication technologies
that make MEMS possible, then proceeds to cover in succession: (1) vibrating
micromechanical resonator development over the years; (2) micromechanical
resonator oscillators; (3) micromechanical filters; and (4) the latest
in progress on chip-scale atomic clocks.
Dr. Clark T.-C. Nguyen is the Program Manager of the Microelectromechanical
Systems (MEMS), Micro Power Generation (MPG), Chip-Scale Atomic Clock (CSAC),
MEMS Exchange (MX), Harsh Environment Robust Micromechanical Technology
(HERMIT), Micro Gas Analyzers (MGA), and Radio Isotope Micropower Sources
(RIMS) Programs in the Microsystems Technology Office of DARPA. Dr. Nguyen
received the B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from the University of California
at Berkeley in 1989, 1991, and 1994, respectively, all in Electrical Engineering
and Computer Sciences. In 1995, he joined the faculty of the University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, where he is presently on Leave from an Associate
Professor position in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science. From 1995 to 1997, he was a member of the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration (NASA)'s New Millennium Integrated Product Development
Team on Communications, which roadmapped future communications technologies
for NASA use into the turn of the century. During his period with the University
of Michigan, his technical interests focused upon micro electromechanical
systems and included integrated vibrating micromechanical signal processors
and sensors, merged circuit/micromechanical technologies, RF communication
architectures, and integrated circuit design and technology. He has more
than 92 publications and holds 16 patents on this subject matter. In his
faculty position, Dr. Nguyen received the 1938E Award for Research and
Teaching Excellence from the University of Michigan in 1998, an EECS Departmental
Achievement Award in 1999, the Ruth and Joel Spira Award for Outstanding
Teaching in 2000, and the University of Michigan's Henry Russell Award
in 2001. Together with his students, he received the Roger A. Haken Best
Student Paper Award at the 1998 and 2003 IEEE International Electron Devices
Meeting's for work on the first micromechanical mixler: a device capable
of both low-loss mixing and filtering for communications in a single passive
micromechanical structure; and for work on the extensional wine-glass micromechanical
ring resonator, capable of vibrating at GHz frequencies with Q's in the
1,000's. In 2001, Dr. Nguyen founded Discera, Inc., a company aimed at
commercializing communication products based upon MEMS technology, with
an initial focus on the very vibrating micromechanical resonators pioneered
by his research in past years. He served as Vice President and Acting Chief
Technology Officer (CTO) of Discera from 2001 to mid-2002.
Abstract: In the recent years wireless SAW sensors and
identification tags have come under notice with a growing number of publications
and applications. In this tutorial the operating principles of wireless
passive SAW based identification marks and sensors are reviewed.
The whole radio sensor system consists of a read-out unit, comparable
to an RADAR device, and a passive transponder, consisting of a surface
acoustic wave (SAW) device wired to an antenna. The surface acoustic wave
stores the read-out signal for a predefined period of time to suppress
all environmental echo interferences. Physical or chemical effects may
influence the propagation characteristics of the surface acoustic wave.
Two fundamental devices allow storing and modulating of surface acoustic
waves: the resonator, and the uniform or chirped delay line.
In this tutorial, the transponder setup using a reflective delay line,
resonator, or impedance sensor is discussed in detail, as well as the setup
of the read out unit using a pulse or FMCW radar. Special emphasis is set
on the achievable accuracy and on the sensitivity range. Several applications
of such sensor systems and their state-of-the-art performance is presented
by way of examples which include identification marks and wireless measurements
of temperature, pressure, torque, acceleration, tire-road friction, magnetic
field, and water content of soil. A discussion of other resonant structures
which also could be used in a passive transponder system will close the
tutorial.
Clemens C.W. Ruppel was born in Munich, Germany, in 1952.
In 1978 he received the Diploma in mathematics from the Ludwig-Maximilians
University of Munich, Germany. Afterwards he has participated in research
projects, solving mathematical problems related to bio chemistry and power
plant safety. In 1981 he joined the micro-acoustics research group at Siemens
AG as a doctorate student. In 1986 he received his Ph.D. degree for works
on the design of surface acoustic waves (SAW) filters from the Technical
University of Vienna, Austria.
In 1984, he became member of the micro-acoustics group at the Corporate
Research and Development of Siemens AG in Munich. In 1990, he became Group
Manager. He was responsible for the development of software for the simulation
and synthesis of SAW filters. In 2001, he joined the surface acoustic wave
R&D group of EPCOS AG.
Since 1991, he has been a member of the Technical Program Committee of
the IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, and since 1997 of the IEEE Frequency Control
Symposium. In 2000 he has become an elected committee member of the IEEE
UFFC AdCom, in 2003 he became VP Ultrasonics. In 2002 he became chair of
the Technical Committee MTT-2 (Microwave Acoustics). He has been a voting
member of IEEE 802.11a/b. He has been a member of Sociéte Chronométrique
de France.
His research interests include all SAW related subjects, especially the
design of bandpass filters, dispersive transducers, low-loss filters, and
mathematical procedures and algorithms needed for the design and simulation
of SAW devices. He is author/co-author of approximately 70 papers
(including 9 invited papers) on the design and simulation of SAW filters,
and sensors based on SAW devices. He has been editor of two books " Advances
in Surface Acoustic Wave Technology, Systems and Applications, Volume 1&2".
Title: Optical
Frequency Measurement And Synthesis
Instructor: Jun Ye
JILA,
National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado
Abstract: Precise phase control of ultra-wide-bandwidth
optical frequency combs has produced remarkable and unexpected progress
in precision metrology and ultrafast science. The emerging capability to
do arbitrary, optical, waveform synthesis is analogous to the development
in radio frequency waveform generators in the early 20th century. The development
of ultra-stable optical frequency standards into optical atomic clocks
and optical frequency synthesizers again complement and rival the similar
technologies that are being refined in the radio frequency domain. I
will cover a range of key advances that have been enabled by this revolutionary
merge between the ultrafast and ultra-precision fields, including direct
optical frequency measurement, carrier-envelope phase control, all-optical
atomic clocks, optical frequency synthesizers, coherent pulse synthesis
and distribution, and nonlinear spectroscopy.
Jun Ye was born in Shanghai in 1967, and received the Ph.D. degree
from the University of Colorado, Boulder, in 1997. He is a fellow
of JILA, a joint institute of the National Institute of Standards and Technology
and the University of Colorado. He leads a team of researchers who
are working in areas including high-precision measurement, high-resolution
and ultrasensitive laser spectroscopy, optical frequency metrology, ultrafast
optics, cooling and trapping of atoms and molecules, and quantum dynamics
in optical and atomic physics. He has co-authored over 100 technical papers
and is a recipient of a number of awards from professional societies and
agencies. The group web page is http://jilawww.colorado.edu/YeLabs/ .
Abstract: The Global Positioning System is best known
as a navigation system that will also do time dissemination. Those
who know GPS will tell you that it is really a time comparison system that
can do navigation. Precise clocks are the heart of GPS. Ranges
from the GPS satellites to the user receivers are based on precisely measuring
the time difference between the receiver's clock and the GPS satellite
clock.
This tutorial will present GPS first as a history of the technology that
has made it work and then describe the critical time and frequency elements
of the system as it is today with some projections on the future.
Joe White has been involved in the development of the Global Positioning
System since the beginning of the Joint Program in 1973. He has
been involved in the development, testing, and monitoring of clocks in
GPS blocks I,II, IIA, IIF. He is currently working on the development
of a digital rubidium clock for GPS III.
Title: : Digital Measurement of Precision Oscillators
Instructor: S. R. Stein
Timing Solutions Corp., USA
Abstract: This tutorial reviews the subject of digital
measurements of clocks and oscillators. It focuses primarily on the precision
measurement of phase and the use of these measurements in estimating phase
and frequency and common statistics such as the Allan deviation and the
spectral density of phase. The subject matter includes direct counting,
interpolating counters, dividers, heterodyne conversion, and dual-mixer
systems. Biases in the measurements caused by aliasing and measurement
quantization are evaluated. Analog techniques, which are used primarily
to evaluate phase noise, are covered in a related tutorial.
Samuel R. Stein is founder and President of Timing Solutions Corporation,
a company that specializes in real-time applications and that provides
timing systems to National Laboratories, DoD programs such as GPS, and
Government Prime Contractors. He has developed ultra high precision time
measurement, generation and distribution systems and is an internationally
recognized leader in time and frequency measurement methods and the ensembling
of clocks. He was previously Technical Director at Ball Corporation (Efratom
Division) and Time and Frequency Division Chief at the National Bureau
of Standards (NIST). Dr. Stein has more than 48 publications and eight
patents.